Staging and defect-limited intercalation of FeCl

Peter Schweizer, Lilian M Vogl, Colin Ophus, Andrew M Minor

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In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Peter SchweizerNational Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.

Lilian M VoglNational Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.

Colin OphusDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8558

Andrew M MinorNational Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. aminor@lbl.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3606-8309

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The need for sustainable mobility and renewable energy systems has been a major driving force for battery research in recent years. While ion batteries are in widespread application, there remain unsolved questions regarding fundamental processes occurring within batteries during use that ultimately limit their performance. The most important of such processes is intercalation, which describes the reversible incorporation of a guest species into a host lattice. The early stages of this process, when only a limited amount of guest material is present, are still barely understood. In this work, we use advanced transmission electron microscopy to directly observe the structure and host/guest interactions in a partially intercalated graphite model system. We show the three-dimensional layer occupancy and demonstrate that the established staging laws break down in this regime. Finally, we elucidate the impact of host lattice defects on the intercalation process using 4D-STEM, moiré imaging and in situ heating.

Identifiers

PMID42303985

DOI10.1038/s41467-026-74399-w

PMCPMC13424089

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LicenceCC BY

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.