ArticleRMD open2026
Spatial gene expression of salivary glands in Sjögren's disease highlights T follicular helper cell signalling as an indicator of disease pathogenesis.
Article in RMD open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
introductionSjögren's disease (SjD) is a systemic, rheumatic autoimmune disorder evidenced by broad organ-specific manifestations, predominantly exocrine gland-impairment, which disproportionally affects females. The golden-standard tool for diagnosing disease-associated pathology includes a microscopic evaluation of minor salivary gland (MSG) biopsies. Approximately 25% of the patients exhibit germinal centre (GC)-like structures within their salivary glands, which have been associated with an increased risk of B cell lymphoma and infiltration of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells.
objectiveWe aimed to explore spatial signalling patterns associated with the Tfh cell and ectopic GC-like structure formation. MATERIALS AND
methodsNovel duplex-chromogenic RNAscope in situ hybridisation was employed on MSGs of 20 male and female SjD patients, alongside 20 non-SjD sicca tissue controls where mRNA levels of B cell stimulating factor (BAFF) were visualised and quantified alongside IL-21R, CXCL13 and CXCR5.
resultsDigital quantifications in Qupath revealed a positive correlation between cells containing BAFF and IL-21R mRNA-signals (p<0.05). Also, the spatial mRNA expression of IL-21R, CXCL13 and CXCR5 was predominantly localised within focal infiltrates, with significantly higher transcript abundance observed in the GC
conclusionSpatial localisation of key Tfh cell-related cytokines in relation to ectopic GC-like formations may explain the immunopathological alterations and symptoms involved in SjD pathogenesis.
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