SynthesisInternational dental journal2026
Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Immune Checkpoint Expression in Predicting the Risk of Malignant Transformation in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders.
Synthesis in International dental journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND
aimsImmune checkpoints (ICPs) play a critical role in tumour immune evasion, yet their significance in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) remains poorly defined. This study evaluates the evidence regarding ICPs in predicting malignant transformation (MT) of OPMDs and identifies research gaps.
methodsA systematic synthesis was conducted of studies investigating ICP expression in predicting the MT risk of OPMDs. A search strategy was developed and applied across the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection databases to identify articles relevant to this topic.
resultsOf the 231 publications retrieved, 5 met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a total of 613 patients, among whom 129 experienced MT, corresponding to an MT rate of 21.04%. A total of 2 ICPs were evaluated. Among these, PD-L1 was identified in several studies as having potential utility in predicting the MT risk of OPMDs. However, its clinical application requires further investigation, and clinical evidence regarding the role of other ICPs in predicting MT risk remains lacking.
conclusionThe role of ICPs in predicting the MT risk of OPMD remains underexplored with fragmented evidence. While the PD-1/PD-L1 axis shows promise, its clinical utility remains unestablished. Prospective studies and randomized trials are further needed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Elucidating ICP roles in OPMDs could enable precise risk stratification and immunopreventive strategies, facilitating early intervention and reducing oral cancer incidence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.