Observational studyNursing open2026
Psychometric Validation of the PHQ-9 in Ostomy Patients and Their Informal Caregivers: Evidence From A European Multicenter Study.
Observational study in Nursing open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionDepressive symptoms are highly prevalent among individuals with an ostomy and their informal caregivers, negatively affecting quality of life and healthcare outcomes. Although the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is widely used for depression screening, its psychometric properties have not previously been examined simultaneously in ostomy patients and their informal caregivers, limiting its applicability in this clinical context.
aimTo evaluate the validity, reliability and measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 in a European sample of ostomy patients and their informal caregivers.
methodThis secondary analysis used data from a multicenter observational study including 523 ostomy patients (63.9% males, mean age 68.65 years) and 252 informal caregivers (80.6% females, mean age 58.7 years) recruited from outpatient clinics across Italy. Structural validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis, comparing unidimensional and bidimensional models. Measurement invariance across patients and caregivers was assessed using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency was assessed using omega coefficients and construct validity was tested through correlations with ostomy-specific and generic quality of life measures.
resultsConfirmatory factor analysis supported a bidimensional structure of the PHQ-9, reflecting somatic and cognitive symptoms for both patients and caregivers, with excellent model fit. Internal consistency was adequate, with omega coefficients ranging from 0.71 to 0.88. Construct validity was supported by significant negative correlations between PHQ-9 scores and quality of life measures. Scalar measurement invariance was established, indicating the PHQ-9 functions equivalently in patients and caregivers.
conclusionThe PHQ-9 is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing depressive symptoms in patients with ostomy and their caregivers and can be confidently used for depression screening in both clinical and community care settings. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Its use in routine nursing practice can support early identification and management of depression in both clinical and community care contexts. IMPACT: This is the first study validating the PHQ-9 in patients with ostomy and their caregivers. The PHQ-9 showed excellent validity and reliability and scalar measurement invariance was demonstrated across patients and caregivers. The PHQ-9 can support nurse-led depression screening in ostomy care settings. REPORTING
methodThis study was reported in accordance with the COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) reporting guideline for studies on measurement properties. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.
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