ArticleWater science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research2026
Operation and clogging mechanisms of a refurbished vertical flow filter treating urine-derived wastewater.
Article in Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study evaluates clogging mechanisms and treatment performance of a full-scale vertical flow filter (VFF) treating nitrogen-rich supernatant from urine downstream of a struvite precipitation unit in a decentralized sanitation system. Following six years of operation under high seasonal nitrogen and high salt loads, the original lava sand filter clogged and was replaced. Clogging processes were investigated through physical and chemical characterization of filter media, including particle size distribution, hydraulic conductivity, BET surface area, and elemental composition. System performance was assessed over a one-year monitoring campaign (July 2024-July 2025), analyzing nitrogen species and key physicochemical parameters. Clogging resulted in a reduction of effective grain size (
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