ArticleAntimicrobial resistance and infection control2026
Development of indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programs in Korea: a Delphi consensus study.
Article in Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA pilot program launched in November 2024 to establish and operationalize Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) in Korean hospitals is expected to accelerate nationwide adoption. However, consensus on indicators for evaluating ASP performance remains lacking. This study aimed to develop indicators for evaluating the short- and long-term effectiveness of ASPs.
methodsAn expert panel comprised 18 specialists from academic societies and government agencies involved in infectious diseases and antimicrobial control in South Korea. Candidate indicators for evaluating ASP effectiveness were identified by five infectious disease specialists through a systematic literature review. The Delphi survey consisted of an initial open-ended round, followed by two multiple-choice rounds (rounds 2 and 3) with an intervening online panel meeting. Responses to the multiple-choice questions were rated on a 7-point Likert scale, and indicators with a content validity ratio of ≥ 0.47 were selected.
resultsThe systematic literature review yielded 59 candidate indicators of ASP effectiveness, which were classified into seven primary categories. After the third-round Delphi survey, the final set of indicators included the following. In the Antibiotic Use Indicators category: (1) days of therapy per 1,000 patient-days, (2) defined daily dose per 1,000 patient-days, (3) reduction rate of broad-spectrum antibiotic use, (4) intravenous-to-oral antibiotic conversion rate, (5) reduction rate of unnecessary combination therapy, and 6) change in antibiotic prescription ratio according to the World Health Organization Access, Watch, and Reserve classification. In the Process-Related Indicators category: (1) appropriate rate of preoperative surgical antibiotic prophylaxis, (2) implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring with dosage recommendations, and (3) establishment of institutional antibiotic use guidelines. In the Department-Specific Indicators related to operating rooms and surgery: (1) appropriate rate of preoperative surgical antibiotic prophylaxis, (2) appropriateness of postoperative antibiotic discontinuation timing, and (3) appropriateness of prophylactic antibiotic selection. Finally, among the Other Indicators, the implementation rate of core ASP elements was selected as an indicator for evaluating ASP effectiveness.
conclusionsThis study established consensus-based indicators and proposed short- and long-term targets for evaluating the effectiveness of ASPs in Korea. These indicators enable standardized assessment and help inform evidence-based policies for the sustainable operation of ASPs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.