ArticleBMC veterinary research2026
Comparative study on the diversity and abundance of bacterial composition in four non-biting synanthropic flies from The Gambia and China.
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundNon-biting synanthropic flies from the order Diptera have long been implicated as mechanical vectors to several human and animal pathogens, yet their microbiome variations across different regions remain poorly understood. Here, we compared the abundance of gut microbial composition in four species (Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia cuprina, Musca domestica, and Physiphora clausa of non-biting synanthropic flies from two countries (The Gambia and China), providing insights into the potential pathogenic bacterial taxa they harbor. This study was conducted in Kanifing Municipal Council, The Gambia, and Changsha city, China, with sampling occurring between August and November 2023. Illumina NovaSeq6000 sequencing was used to amplify the V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA from the midgut of these flies, which were pooled (n = 20 per sample) into 21 samples comprising Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia cuprina, Musca domestica (from both cities), and Physiphora clausa (from KMC). Alpha and beta diversity indices were used to compare bacterial composition in the midguts of these flies. All bioinformatics and statistical analyses were performed using the BMKCloud online platform ( http://www.biocloud.net ).
resultsTaxonomic classification was annotated into 2 kingdoms, 44 phyla, and 2,379 species. Proteobacteria (41.14%) and Firmicutes (39.51%) dominated across all the samples. Significant geographic differences were observed. Shannon Alpha diversity analyses differed significantly between countries (P = 0.023), and Bray-Curtis-based PERMANOVA confirmed distinct bacterial compositions (R²=0.201, P = 0.001). Gambian flies harbored more Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica (13.79%), while Changsha samples contained higher Pseudomonas (3.99%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of the gut microbiome of P. clausa, which was dominated by Corynebacterium (15.82%). These geographic and species-specific patterns highlight flies as reservoirs for regionally relevant pathogens.
conclusionThis study highlights the geographic variability in gut microbiota of non-biting synanthropic flies as potential carriers of regionally relevant bacterial taxa and motivates further investigation into fly-borne pathogen transmission in both regions. This study also provides, to the best of our knowledge, the first description of the gut microbiome of P. clausa.
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