SynthesisBMC medical education2026
Effectiveness of the flipped classroom in medical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC medical education, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
purposeThis systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the FC approach compared to conventional teaching methods in medical education.
methodsA comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted. Eighteen eligible studies, involving diverse learner populations, were included in the analysis. The effectiveness of the FC model was assessed across five predefined domains: theoretical knowledge, procedural/technical skills, self-directed learning ability, case analysis/problem-solving ability, and learner satisfaction.
resultsPooled analyses demonstrated significant advantages of the FC model, with moderate to large effect sizes observed across most outcomes. Notable improvements were found in self-directed learning ability and procedural/technical skills. Subgroup analyses suggested that residents showed larger benefits, particularly in procedural/technical skills and learner satisfaction. Sensitivity analyses generally supported the direction of the findings, although statistical significance was not retained in all leave-one-out analyses for some outcomes.
conclusionsFlipped classrooms were associated with improved outcomes in medical education, with larger effects in residents. Given high heterogeneity and limited evidence in some domains, benefits appear context dependent. Implementation should be tailored, and future studies should define mechanisms and optimal conditions.
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