ArticleBMC pediatrics2026
The effect of the philosophy for children (P4C) education program in out-of-school learning settings on preschool children's executive functioning skills.
Article in BMC pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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2 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThis study aims to investigate the impact of the Philosophy for Children (P4C) education program on preschool children's executive functioning skills in an out-of-school learning environment.
methodThe study used a mixed-methods approach, combining a pre-test-post-test control group experimental design with in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were collected using the Executive Functioning Skills Scale (EFSS), developed by the researchers, while qualitative data were gathered through a Semi-Structured Interview Form. The research involved 37 children (17 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group) and 17 parents, who participated in a 16-session Out-of-School Learning Environment Philosophy for Children (OSLE-P4C) program held in various settings, including libraries, museums, and forests.
resultsQuantitative analyses conducted after the eight-week OSLE-P4C education program showed a significant improvement in the executive functioning skills of children in the experimental group (p < 0.05). The mean total executive functioning score of the experimental group (x̄ = 52.59) was notably higher than that of the control group (x̄ = 32.85). This large effect size (η
conclusionThe quantitative and qualitative findings demonstrate that the OSLE-P4C training program contributes to the development of executive function skills in preschool children. Hands-on learning and exposure to diverse environments enhanced the program's effectiveness.
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