SynthesisBMC neurology2026
Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis across diverse study populations.
Synthesis in BMC neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundRestless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a common sleep-related disorder that negatively affects sleep and quality of life. This study aimed to synthesize prevalence across diverse Pakistani populations of RLS in Pakistan and compare it across different populations and regions.
methodsThis systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, and the study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (registration number: CRD420261319739). The databases PakMediNet, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched up to February 2026. Observational studies reporting the prevalence of RLS using validated diagnostic tools were included. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. A random-effects model was applied to estimate pooled prevalence, and heterogeneity, subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and publication bias were systematically evaluated.
resultsA total of 61 studies comprising 65 independent reports were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled prevalence across included Pakistani study populations was high, with substantial heterogeneity observed across studies. Higher prevalence estimates were identified in several high-risk groups, including pregnant women, patients undergoing hemodialysis, individuals with diabetes, and students. Although most studies employed the IRLSSG diagnostic criteria, heterogeneity remained considerable. Moreover, the geographic distribution of studies was uneven, with no data available from Baluchistan Province.
conclusionRLS appears to be a highly prevalent yet under-recognized condition in Pakistan. Population-based studies employing standardized methodologies, broader geographic coverage, and focused investigation of high-risk groups are warranted to achieve more accurate estimates of disease burden and to better inform future research priorities, healthcare awareness, and epidemiological planning.
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