ArticleBMC plant biology2026
Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis of the plant defensin (PDF) gene family in soybean.
Article in BMC plant biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Plant defensins (PDFs) are small, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides that play central roles in plant innate immunity. Despite their importance, a systematic characterization of the PDF gene family in soybean (Glycine max) has been lacking. Here, we report a genome-wide identification and comprehensive characterization of 27 GlyPDF genes encoding 31 protein isoforms in the soybean Williams82 v4 genome, identified through combined BLASTP and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) profiling using the plant defensin domain (PF00304). Phylogenetic analysis classified the GlyPDF family into four subfamilies (GlyPDF1-4), with GlyPDF2 being the largest (11 genes, accounting for > 40% of members). The 27 genes are unevenly distributed across 13 of the 20 soybean chromosomes, with chromosome 8 harboring the highest number of loci (6 genes). Three tandem duplication clusters and 19 intra-genomic collinear pairs were identified, indicating that both tandem duplication and ancestral whole-genome duplication (WGD) have driven family expansion. Ka/Ks analysis confirmed purifying selection across all duplicated gene pairs (Ka/Ks < 1.0). Physicochemical characterization revealed that the majority of GlyPDF proteins are basic (pI > 7.0), consistent with their roles as cationic antimicrobial effectors. Promoter analysis identified enrichment of jasmonate-responsive elements (22/27 genes), abscisic acid-responsive elements (19/27), and salicylate-responsive elements (16/27), as well as WRKY-binding W-box motifs (14/27), suggesting multifaceted hormonal and stress regulation. Tissue-specific qRT-PCR revealed broad but variable expression across roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and pods. Upon inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum, 18 of 27 GlyPDF genes were differentially expressed, with GlyPDF2.7, GlyPDF2.8, GlyPDF2.9, and GlyPDF3.3 displaying the strongest induction kinetics. These findings provide a useful genetic resource for the functional characterization of soybean defensins and their potential application in breeding disease-resistant varieties.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.