Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42298252›Full record

ArticleArchives of virology2026

Novel avian papillomaviruses identified in a south polar skua sampled on Ross Island, Antarctica.

Riley Biter, Melanie Regney, Annie E Schmidt, Nadia Swanson, Megan Elrod, Amélie Lescroël, Christina Burnham, Dennis Jongsomjit, Suzanne Winquist, Jean Pennycook and 5 more

Abstract read
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Article in Archives of virology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Riley BiterBiodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
Melanie RegneyBiodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
Annie E SchmidtPoint Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, California, USA.
Nadia SwansonOregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
Megan ElrodPoint Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, California, USA.
Amélie LescroëlPoint Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, California, USA.
Christina BurnhamPoint Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, California, USA.
Dennis JongsomjitPoint Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, California, USA.
Suzanne WinquistOregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon, USA.
Jean PennycookPoint Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, California, USA.
David G AinleyH. T. Harvey & Associates Ecological Consultants, Los Gatos, California, USA.
Katie M DuggerU.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
Grant BallardPoint Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, California, USA.
Simona KrabergerBiodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
Arvind VarsaniBiodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. arvind.varsani@asu.edu.

Funding

National Science Foundation 1935870
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Papillomaviruses are small circular DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells of their hosts. Avian papillomaviruses are poorly sampled/documented compared to those infecting humans. We used a viral metagenomic approach to identify viruses from the oral swab taken from a deceased south polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) found at Cape Royds, Ross Island, Antarctica in late 2024. We identified three papillomaviruses and determined their complete genomes, Stercorarius maccormicki papillomavirus (SmacPV) 1-3. SmacPV1 is the most divergent of the three SmacPVs, sharing 62% genome-wide pairwise identity to SmacPV2 and SmacPV3 and <63.5% to other avian papillomaviruses. The genomes of SmacPV2 and SmacPV3 represent two new papillomavirus types sharing 82.4% genome-wide pairwise identity with each other and <72% to other papillomaviruses. SmacPV2 and SmacPV3 phylogenetically cluster with sequences of the Rissa tridactyla papillomavirus 1 from black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), Larus smithsonianus papillomavirus 1 from American herring gull (Larus smithsonianus) and Fratercula arctica papillomavirus 1 from Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica), and they collectively represent a new papillomavirus species. These are the first papillomaviruses to be identified in Stercorarius spp. and add to the handful of known papillomaviruses in identified avian species. We also expand the known host range of papillomaviruses in Antarctic animals, which previously included Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae), Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii), Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella), leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) and emerald notothen (Trematomus bernacchii).

Indexed as

Bird DiseasesCharadriiformesPapillomaviridaePapillomavirus InfectionsAnimalsAntarctic RegionsDNA, ViralGenome, ViralPhylogenyDNA, Viral

Identifiers

PMID42298252

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.