Grain protein and yield stability study in rainfed durum wheat RILs.

Developing durum wheat cultivars with stable grain yield across diverse environments remains a key breeding objective. This study evaluated 118 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the drought-adapted cultivar 'Zardak' (Triticum durum) and the landrace 'Iran-249' (T. turanicum) with desirable seed characteristics, across four heterogeneous rainfed environments in Italy and Iran. The assessment focused on grain yield (GY) and grain protein content (GPC) stability. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant (p < 0.01) effects for genotype, environment, and their interaction for both traits. Line ZD-050 showed the highest GY (3.91 t ha⁻¹), while ZD-032 had the highest GPC (14.27%). Stability analysis using parametric and non-parametric methods, along with AMMI and GGE biplot modeling, identified ZD-050 as among the most promising genotypes according to yield-integrating and dynamic-stability approaches. This line showed high grain yield in methods such as the Superiority Index and Kang's rank-sum, although stability rankings differed across the used methods. This line maintained superior yield, demonstrated broad adaptability across environments, and had moderate protein levels, identifying it as an optimal candidate for breeding programs targeting yield stability and wide adaptation under rainfed conditions.