Bioengineered zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from Teucrium polium as a multifunctional platform for anticancer activity, hemocompatibility, larval toxicity and photocatalytic remediation.

In this study, we evaluate the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, photocatalytic, and larvicidal activities of T. polium-mediated ZnO NPs. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (absorption at 392 nm), FTIR, TEM, and XRD, confirming their successful synthesis. The antioxidant activity of ZnO NPs was evaluated using various assays: DPPH scavenging at 54% (100 µg/mL), ABTS scavenging at 63.3% (100 µg/mL), FRAP scavenging at 61.2% (100 µg/mL), and hydrogen peroxide scavenging at 65% (100 µg/mL), demonstrating concentration-dependent activity. The antibacterial properties were tested against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus, with the largest inhibition zone observed for P. aeruginosa (28.3 mm at 100 µg/mL). Cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells showed a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, with values of 75.6%, 44%, 20%, and 8% for concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. ROS generation and apoptosis were also observed at higher concentrations. The photocatalytic degradation of Methyl Orange was evaluated under UV irradiation, yielding 85% degradation efficiency at pH 3 with a ZnO NP concentration of 50 mg/L. The larvicidal toxicity against Aedes aegypti was significant, with LC