Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42297807›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Deep learning completes US flood hazard maps revealing millions exposed to previously unrecognized risk.

Abraham Noah Wu, Ye Zhang, Rudi Stouffs

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Abraham Noah WuSchool of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9586-3201
Ye ZhangSchool of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. zhang-ye@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6956-5013
Rudi StouffsDepartment of Architecture, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. stouffs@nus.edu.sg.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4200-5833

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 20241710038National Research Foundation Singapore (National Research Foundation-Prime Minister's office, Republic of Singapore) CREATE-FCLG-SEA
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Flood maps are essential for disaster preparedness, insurance and climate adaptation, yet US official maps cover only one-third of river channels. Here we present a deep-learning framework that learns from existing records to produce a spatially complete 30-m flood hazard map for the contiguous US, filling unmapped regions and updating legacy extents. We estimate that the 2023 national database omits 11 million people and 4.1 million buildings in flood zones, adding 69% and 81% beyond the official baseline respectively. Crucially, our socioeconomic analysis of 917 cities reveals that entirely unmapped areas disproportionately harbor highly vulnerable demographics, particularly the elderly and children, exposing them to unrecognized risks and compounding existing inequalities. By solving the trilemma between accuracy, scale, and cost in national scale flood mapping, our open-source method broadens public access to risk information, paving the way for targeted and equitable climate adaptation.

Identifiers

PMID42297807
PMCPMC13347014

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.