ArticleCell2026
The critical role of the endogenous immune compartment after CAR T cell therapy in recurrent GBM.
Registry-linked trialAbstract readClinical Trial, Phase I
In one paragraph
Article in Cell, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05168423 (Phase 1, Open-label Study Evaluating the Safety and Feasibility of CART-EGFR-IL13Ra2 Cells in Patients With EGFR-Amplified Recurrent Glioblastoma), which is not on this map. Cited by 2 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase 1, Open-label Study Evaluating the Safety and Feasibility of CART-EGFR-IL13Ra2 Cells in Patients With EGFR-Amplified Recurrent Glioblastoma
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Quantitative, longitudinal measurements of response to immunotherapy for glioblastoma using multiparametric MRI in a long-term survivor treated with autologous tumor lysate-loaded dendritic cell vaccine: an illustrative case.Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons · 2026Article
- CAR T cell cancer immunotherapy: who does the job?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
50 authors.
Nelson F FreeburgCancer Biology Department, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Daniel ChafamoCancer Biology Department, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Gayathri Konanur GopikrishnaCancer Biology Department, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Regan M MurphyDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Jacqueline J PengCancer Biology Department, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Shridhar ParthasarathyCancer Biology Department, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Sydney DumontDepartment of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; GBM Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Edward G EstradaDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Meghan T LogunDepartment of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; GBM Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Yusha SunNeuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Xin WangDepartment of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Payal GroverDepartment of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; GBM Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Jesse L RodriguezDepartment of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; GBM Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Daniel L ZhangDepartment of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Kristen ParkNeuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Yao FuDepartment of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Nadine Ben HamoudaUniversité Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France; Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP)-Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Isaias Hernandez-VerdinCentre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.
Lamia LamraniCellAction, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France.
Kelly A HicksDepartment of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; GBM Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Natalie A CooperDepartment of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; GBM Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Christina EkwegbaraClinical Immunology Laboratory, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
Emma Grace BawdenInstitut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France.
Joshua J WaterfallDepartment of Translational Research, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France; INSERM U1330, PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France.
Jaime FuentealbaCellAction, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France.
Marion AlcantaraCellAction, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France; Clinical Hematology Unit, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France.
John T SeykoraDepartments of Dermatology and Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Stephen M ProutyDepartment of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
David BarrettKite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
Esha BanerjeeComparative Pathology Core, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Arin CoxComparative Pathology Core, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Charles-Antoine AssenmacherComparative Pathology Core, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Camilla MaciaCenter for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Melinda YinCenter for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Erica L CarpenterCenter for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Guo-Li MingDepartment of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Catherine Sautès-FridmanCentre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
Wolf H FridmanCentre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
Eric TartourUniversité Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France; Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP)-Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
E John WherryDepartment of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Sebastian AmigorenaInstitut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France.
Joseph A FraiettaCenter for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
MacLean P NasrallahGBM Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Hongjun SongDepartment of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; GBM Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Tyler E MillerDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Stephen J BagleyGBM Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Donald M O'RourkeDepartment of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; GBM Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Zev A BinderDepartment of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; GBM Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: binderz@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
Cécile AlanioDepartment of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France; Clinical Laboratory, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France. Electronic address: c.alanio@hopital-foch.com.
Dana SilverbushCancer Biology Department, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: dana.silverbush@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
Funding
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA CAN CTR SUPPORT GRANTP30CA016520 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI SHELLEY L BERGER · 1985 to 2026
$222.3MVirology CoreU19AI082630 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI GEORG Michael LAUER · 2009 to 2026
$48.1MSynergies among inhibitory receptors in tolerance, cancer & antiviral immunityP01AI108545 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI E. John Wherry · 2015 to 2026
$30.8MModeling HIV CAR-T cell trafficking and persistence in Non-Human PrimatesU19AI149680 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI RILEY, JAMES L. · 2020 to 2024
$13.2MSequencing and Viral Evolution CoreU19AI117950 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI WHERRY, E. JOHN · 2015 to 2019
$12.0MStudy Design and Data AnalysisP30AR069589 · NIAMS · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI Elizabeth Anne Grice · 2016 to 2026
$8.6MContinuous Neurogenesis in the Mammalian HippocampusR35NS116843 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI HONGJUN SONG · 2020 to 2026
$6.9MTesting the role of BATF as a pioneer transcription factor in effector T cellsR01AI115712 · NIAID · DANA-FARBER CANCER INST · PI KADOCH, CIGALL, WHERRY, E. JOHN · 2015 to 2019
$2.9MTemporal control of differentiation and epigenetics of Exhausted CD8 T cells by ToxR01AI155577 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI WHERRY, E. JOHN · 2020 to 2024
$2.7MCritical role of TCF-1 on the epigenetic identity of memory T cellsR01HL145754 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI VAHEDI, GOLNAZ · 2019 to 2023
$2.3MDevelopment and validation of an autologous mouse model for the study of immune interactions with glioblastomaR37CA285434 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI Zev Ari Binder · 2024 to 2026
$2.0MEpitranscriptomic regulation in the mammalian nervous systemR35NS137480 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI Guo-li Ming · 2025 to 2026
$2.0MNCI NIH HHS K08 CA276819NCI NIH HHS P30 CA016520NCI NIH HHS R37 CA285434NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL145754NIAID NIH HHS P01 AI108545NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI115712NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI155577NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI082630NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI117950NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI149680NIAMS NIH HHS P30 AR069589NIH HHS S10 OD023465NINDS NIH HHS F31 NS137664NINDS NIH HHS R35 NS116843NINDS NIH HHS R35 NS137480
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, with a median survival of under 15 months and no effective treatment after recurrence. A recent phase 1 trial of intracerebroventricular bivalent chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in recurrent GBM, registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05168423), showed promising responses, including tumor reduction and prolonged survival. However, relapse remains common. We performed in-depth profiling of longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and tumor samples from responders and non-responders to characterize immune dynamics following infusion. Our study reveals that, although CAR T cells activate post infusion across all patients, outcomes were defined by divergent remodeling of the endogenous immune landscape. Cytotoxic natural killer cell expansion characterized responders, whereas regulatory T cell expansion and abundant baseline immunosuppressive scavenger myeloid cells characterized non-responders. These findings indicate that host immune cells play a critical role in CAR T cell therapy for GBM, suggesting that combinatorial strategies modulating the endogenous immune compartment could improve next-generation treatments.
Indexed as
Brain NeoplasmsGlioblastomaImmunotherapy, AdoptiveReceptors, Chimeric AntigenHumansKiller Cells, NaturalNeoplasm Recurrence, LocalT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryReceptors, Chimeric AntigenbiomarkersCAR T cell therapyglioblastomaimmunologyimmunotherapylongitudinal dynamicsmyeloid immunosuppressionNK cellsregulatory T cellssingle-cell transcriptomicstumor microenvironment
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Registered trials
NCT05168423ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.