ArticlePLOS global public health2026
Settings, characteristics, and experiences of stigma among people with tuberculosis in Kenya: National survey results.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) related stigma remains a significant barrier to TB care and treatment adherence in Kenya. Despite progress in TB control, stigma continues to affect individuals diagnosed with TB and their families, leading to delayed healthcare-seeking behaviors, social exclusion, and economic consequences. This study examines the prevalence and dimensions of TB-related stigma among people infected and affected by TB in Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2023. Data were collected from people with TB (PWTB) in 180 health facilities across 11 counties in Kenya. Recruitment started on 11/05/2023 and ended on 11/05/2024. A multistage stratified sampling method was employed to ensure regional representation. Stigma levels were assessed using a structured stigma index, and logistic outputs was used to analyze factors associated with stigma. A total of 357 PWTB were included in the analysis. Most (67%) were men and the median age was 35 years. The study found high levels of community stigma (68%), family stigma (52%), healthcare system stigma (51%) and self-stigma (49%). Further, multivariable logistic regression indicated that participants with secondary or higher education had significantly higher odds of reporting stigma compared with those with primary education or less (Adjusted OR = 9.30, 95% CI: 2.01-57.3, p = 0.008), while female participants had significantly higher odds of reporting stigma compared with males (Adjusted OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 1.14-15.6, p = 0.035). TB-related stigma in Kenya is prevalent across multiple dimensions, with community, family level, healthcare system and self-stigma particularly prominent. Female sex and higher educational attainment were independently associated with reporting stigma. These findings highlight the need for targeted community-based stigma reduction strategies, integration of psychosocial support within TB care, and gender-responsive strategies.
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