Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42295789›Full record

ArticleJAMA internal medicine2026

Estimated Effectiveness of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults.

Ryan E Wiegand, Amanda B Payne, Josephine Mak, Sean Chickery, Sarah E Reese, Nicola P Klein, Shaun J Grannis, Toan C Ong, Elizabeth A K Rowley, Malini DeSilva and 28 more

Erratum issuedAbstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in JAMA internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Errors in the Table.JAMA internal medicine · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

38 authors.

Ryan E WiegandNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Amanda B PayneNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Josephine MakNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Sean ChickeryWestat, Bethesda, Maryland.
Sarah E ReeseWestat, Bethesda, Maryland.
Nicola P KleinKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland.
Shaun J GrannisCenter for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Toan C OngSchool of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.
Elizabeth A K RowleyWestat, Bethesda, Maryland.
Malini DeSilvaHealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Kristin DascombDivision of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Stephanie A IrvingKaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon.
Ousseny ZerboKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland.
John R HansenKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland.
Lawrence BlockKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland.
Karen B JacobsonKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland.
Brian E DixonCenter for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Colin M RogersonCenter for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Thomas J DuszynskiCenter for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana.
William F FadelCenter for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Michelle A BarronSchool of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.
David MayerSchool of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.
Catia ChavezSchool of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.
Duck-Hye YangWestat, Bethesda, Maryland.
Sarah W BallWestat, Bethesda, Maryland.
Charlene E McEvoyHealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Omobosola O AkinseteHealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Tamara SheffieldImmunization Programs, Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Daniel BrideEnterprise Analytics, Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Julie ArndorferDivision of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Joshua Van OtterlooDivision of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Allison L NalewayKaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon.
Karthik NatarajanDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
Morgan NajdowskiNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Allison Avrich CieslaNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Amber KautzNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Jennifer DeCuirNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Ruth Link-GellesNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Importance: Vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates are needed to monitor the effect of updated COVID-19 vaccinations. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccines against medically attended COVID-19 among adults 18 years and older in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants: This case-control study with a test-negative design included patient encounters with a COVID-19-like illness discharge diagnosis code and a molecular or antigen SARS-CoV-2 test within 10 days before to 3 days after the encounter date, from September 5, 2024, to September 2, 2025. Encounters were captured in VISION (Virtual SARS-CoV-2, Influenza, and Other Respiratory Viruses Network), a multisite, electronic medical record-based network of health care systems, including 381 emergency department/urgent care (ED/UC) departments and 246 hospitals in 6 states. Exposure: Vaccination with a 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine formulation (approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in August 2024) in the previous 7 to 299 days. Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes were COVID-19-associated ED/UC encounters, COVID-19-associated hospitalization, and COVID-19-associated critical illness (hospitalization with an intensive care unit admission or in-hospital death). Encounters with a positive molecular or antigen SARS-CoV-2 test result were classified as cases, and encounters with a negative molecular SARS-CoV-2 test result were classified as controls. The odds of 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccination were compared among cases and controls, adjusting for confounders, with estimated VE calculated as (1 - adjusted odds ratio) × 100%. Results: In 333 262 eligible ED/UC encounters (median [IQR] age of patients, 54 [35-72] years; 60% female) and 97 663 eligible hospitalizations among immunocompetent adults 18 years and older (median [IQR] age of patients, 72 [59-81] years; 53% female), estimated VE was 26% (95% CI, 23%-29%) against COVID-19-associated ED/UC encounters, 35% (95% CI, 30%-40%) against COVID-19-associated hospitalization, and 41% (95% CI, 28%-51%) against COVID-19-associated critical illness 7 to 299 days after vaccination. Among immunocompetent adults 65 years and older (122 663 ED/UC encounters and 63 958 hospitalizations), estimated VE was 26% (95% CI, 22%-30%) against COVID-19-associated ED/UC encounters, 35% (95% CI, 29%-40%) against COVID-19-associated hospitalization, and 41% (95% CI, 28%-52%) against COVID-19-associated critical illness 7 to 299 days after vaccination. Among 32 629 hospitalizations in immunocompromised adults 18 years and older, estimated VE against COVID-19-associated hospitalization was 24% (95% CI, 13%-34%). VE estimates waned with more time since vaccination. Conclusions and Relevance: In this test-negative case-control study, 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccination was associated with reduced likelihood of medically attended COVID-19-associated outcomes among immunocompetent and immunocompromised adults, highlighting the importance of adults receiving recommended COVID-19 vaccinations.

Indexed as

COVID-19 VaccinesVaccine EfficacyAdultAgedAged, 80 and overCase-Control StudiesCOVID-19FemaleHospitalizationHumansMaleMiddle AgedSARS-CoV-2United StatesVaccinationCOVID-19 Vaccines

Identifiers

PMID42295789
PMCPMC13270319

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.