Mechanical, biological, optical, and clinical properties of 3d-printed denture base resins: a comprehensive narrative review.

This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding the accuracy, mechanical, biological, optical, and clinical performance of 3D-printed denture base resins. The literature indicates that CAD-CAM milled denture base resins generally exhibit superior mechanical properties, such as flexural strength and hardness, and lower microbial adhesion compared to both conventional and 3D-printed materials. Conversely, 3D-printed resins tend to show more variable and often lower mechanical performance, as well as increased susceptibility to microbial colonization and color instability in numerous in vitro studies. Nevertheless, additive manufacturing provides advantages including greater workflow efficiency, reduced material waste, and enhanced design flexibility. Recent material modifications, such as nanoparticle reinforcement and improved post-processing protocols, have demonstrated potential for performance enhancement. Current evidence, predominantly from in vitro studies, suggests that 3D-printed denture base resins are promising; however, their long-term clinical performance and durability have yet to be firmly established. Well-designed clinical studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness and reliability for routine prosthodontic use. 3D-printed denture base resins may be considered for selected clinical scenarios, particularly where reduced treatment time and increased workflow efficiency are priorities, but their use should be approached cautiously due to the limited long-term clinical data currently available.