ArticleJournal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)2026
Clinicoepidemiological characteristics of autoimmune encephalitis in the philippines: a multicenter case series study.
Article in Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an underrecognized, immune-mediated brain disorder with diverse neurological presentations and significant diagnostic challenges in resource-limited settings. Local epidemiological data in the Philippines remain scarce and barriers to diagnostic access persist. To describe the clinicodemographic profiles, diagnostic findings, management strategies, and short-term outcomes of AE patients admitted to four tertiary hospitals in Cebu, Philippines, from 2012 to 2023. A multicenter, retrospective observational study was conducted, reviewing the medical records of patients aged 1 year or older diagnosed with AE, confirmed by antibody testing. A total of 47 patients were included (median age 23 years), with a slight female preponderance (55.3%). Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis was the most prevalent subtype (68.1%). Ovarian tumors were identified as associated underlying conditions in 18.8% of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Seizures (56.3%) and behavioral changes (50.0%) were the most common presenting features in anti-NMDAR cases, while seizures and weakness predominated in non-anti-NMDAR cases. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis frequently revealed elevated protein levels and lymphocytic pleocytosis. Electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging commonly demonstrated diffuse slowing and white matter or temporal lobe hyperintensities, respectively. Most patients (93.6%) received intravenous methylprednisolone. Favorable short-term outcomes were observed in all non-anti-NMDAR and 84.4% of anti-NMDAR patients, with a median hospital stay of 10 days. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is the predominant type among AE cases in Cebu. Early immunotherapy is associated with favorable short-term outcomes. Improved diagnostic access and long-term outcome studies are necessary to optimize adverse event (AE) management in the Philippines.
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