SynthesisFrontiers in public health2026
Nonlinear effects of climate change on outdoor activities and potential feedback pathways: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Climate change is reshaping the suitability, participation conditions, and risk environment of outdoor activities, but the feedback effects of outdoor activities on climate change remain less synthesized. Methods: This systematic review searched Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO, Wiley, SpringerLink, and ProQuest for English-language studies published up to December 27, 2024. Following predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and PRISMA 2020 reporting, 47 studies published between 2003 and 2024 were included. Results: Evidence indicates an asymmetric bidirectional relationship. Climate change affects outdoor activities through rising temperatures, extreme weather, altered precipitation and snow conditions, and environmental degradation, thereby influencing climate suitability, participation behavior, recreation demand, site availability, and health and safety risks. Five themes were identified: climate suitability and activity opportunities; participation behavior and recreation demand; health and safety risks; feedback from outdoor activities to climate change; and adaptation and mitigation strategies. Feedback evidence remains comparatively limited and mainly concerns emissions and ecological pressures associated with transportation, tourism consumption, facility operation, artificial snowmaking, energy use, and resource consumption. Discussion: Climate-change effects predominate, whereas feedback from outdoor activities plays a secondary but non-negligible role. Future research should distinguish climate suitability from actual participation and strengthen integrated assessments of carbon emissions, adaptation, risk governance, and low-carbon transition pathways in outdoor activities. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42025636854. Unique Identifier: CRD42025636854.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.