ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2026
Burden of disease attributable to tobacco, high alcohol use, and drug use from 1990 to 2021.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Substance use, including tobacco, high alcohol use, and drug use, has negative consequences on the health, economy, productivity, and social aspects of communities. Understanding trends in the burden by age, over time, and location and sex is important for policymaking. This study aims to provide a comprehensive estimation of the global burden attributable to substance use. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD) 2021, we estimated the burden attributable to substance use in terms of the number and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021. Using histogram plots, world maps, and Pearson's correlation analysis, we conducted a stratified analysis of substance use by sex, age, geographic location, sociodemographic index (SDI) level, and disease. Additionally, the Bayesian model for age-period-cohort was introduced to forecast the burden. Results: In 2021, substance use was responsible for a substantial burden globally. From 1990 to 2021, the number of deaths and DALYs increased for nearly all substance use subtypes, while the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDALYR) decreased. Furthermore, trends varied significantly by age, sex, geographic region, and SDI. The ASRs for all substance use subtypes were higher in male individuals than in female individuals, with the exception of secondhand smoke. Colder regions were associated with a higher burden attributable to high alcohol use, whereas the burden attributable to drug use increased with higher SDI levels. The burden attributable to chewing tobacco was notably more pronounced in South Asia than in other regions. Drug use disproportionately affected the 20-45 years age group. Projections indicate that the burden attributable to drug use and chewing tobacco will increase consistently from 2022 to 2040. Conclusion: Substance use is an important contributor to the global disease burden. Population-specific interventions, including raising taxes, increasing price, formulating laws and regulations, and raising public awareness on the risks of substance use, should be implemented to prevent and reduce the substance use burden.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.