ReviewSpine surgery and related research2026
Bone Growth Stimulators to Enhance Spinal Fusion Outcomes.
Review in Spine surgery and related research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bone growth stimulators serve as a critical adjunct in spinal-fusion procedures, particularly in patients at risk of nonunion or delayed healing. This review analyzes three primary modalities: biological, electrical, and ultrasound-based stimulators. Biological stimulators, including bone morphogenic proteins and platelet-rich plasma, use growth factors to promote osteogenesis but carry risks such as ectopic bone formation and inflammatory responses. Electrical stimulators, such as direct current stimulation and pulsed electromagnetic fields, leverage the piezoelectric properties of bone to activate osteogenic pathways and have indicated significant efficacy in promoting fusion in high-risk populations. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound offers a noninvasive alternative that accelerates bone healing through mechanical and angiogenic pathways. The review also evaluates the preclinical application of bone growth stimulators in animal models, exploring the integration of advanced biomaterials to further enhance osteogenesis. Future research should prioritize optimizing the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of these modalities to improve spinal-fusion outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.