ReviewCureus2026
Risk Factors for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Female Patients: A Systematic Review of Behavioral and Gynecologic Determinants.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) are a common and burdensome condition among adult women, with a multifactorial etiology involving behavioral, gynecologic, host-related, and microbiological factors. Despite extensive research on individual risk factors, comprehensive evidence integrating these domains remains limited. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and the Cochrane Library was performed from database inception to the final search date. Studies were included if they evaluated gynecologic and/or behavioral risk factors associated with UTI recurrence in adult women. Eligible study designs included observational studies and relevant clinical trials. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment were conducted using standardized tools, including the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) and the modified Downs and Black checklist. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Sexual intercourse was identified as the most consistent and strongest behavioral risk factor, demonstrating a clear dose-response relationship with UTI recurrence. Spermicide-based contraception further increased risk, whereas hygiene practices showed inconsistent associations. Habitual urine holding emerged as a potential modifiable risk factor, while increased daily water intake was identified as the most robust protective factor, supported by evidence from randomized controlled trials. Gynecologic and host-related factors, including estrogen deficiency, urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and comorbidities, were also associated with recurrence. A prior history of UTI and early-life susceptibility further contributed to increased risk. From a microbiological perspective,
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