ArticleJCPP advances2026
Neurodevelopmental variations cascading from age 10 months to 3 years leading to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder/autism traits at age 9 in a general population.
Article in JCPP advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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15 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Neurodevelopmental delay precedes attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses. However, exactly when this emerges in association with these outcomes remains unclear. We investigated (1) the earliest representations of neurodevelopmental variation and (2) what neurodevelopmental variations at an early age (10 months to 3 years) are specifically associated with the emergence of parentally reported behavioral traits of ADHD, ASD, and related disorders at age 9. Methods: Children from the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort of Mothers and Children (HBC Study) born between December 2007 and March 2012 were enrolled and followed from birth to age 9. Standardized scores of neurodevelopment across five domains (gross motor, visual reception, fine motor, receptive language, and expressive language) were calculated using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning at ages 10, 14, 18, 24, 32, and 40 months. ADHD and ASD traits were ascertained as Results: 836 children (405 females, 48%) were enrolled in the analysis. The ADHD trait was associated with visual reception score before age 1 and was concurrent with both fine motor and receptive language scores between ages 1-2. The ASD trait was associated with gross motor score before age 1 and expressive language score between ages 1.5 and 3. Conclusion: Suboptimal visual-motor coordination can be a prototype of the ADHD trait, while a cascading pattern of suboptimalities from gross motor to language domains can be a prototype of the ASD trait. The distinct neurodevelopmental variations related to ADHD and ASD traits running in the general population can be found before age 1.
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