ArticlePakistan journal of medical sciences2026
Association of CD4+/CD8+ T Cell Subsets and Cytokine Profiles with Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19.
Article in Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4+) and Cluster of Differentiation 8 (CD8+) T cell dynamics and cytokine profiles during the early stage of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methodology: This cross-sectional study included adult patients (≥18 years) with COVID-19 confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The study was conducted at Sakarya Training and Research Hospital between June 2020 to August 2020. A total of 20 patients were randomly selected. Laboratory parameters obtained before treatment initiation (Day one) and on the 3 Results: The study population comprised 55% female patients, with a mean age of 56.10 ± 18.67 years. Common comorbidities included diabetes mellitus (20%), hypertension (15%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (10%). The most frequent clinical manifestations were cough (75%), fatigue (65%), fever (35%), and dyspnea (20%). Comparative analysis between Day one and Day three demonstrated statistically significant changes in white blood cell count, platelet count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, aspartate aminotransferase, and Creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) levels (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, cytokine profiles, or other evaluated laboratory parameters (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Although statistically significant short-term changes were observed in white blood cell count, platelet count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, aspartate aminotransferase, and CK-MB levels between Day one and Day three, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell dynamics and cytokine profiles showed no significant changes and had no prognostic value in early COVID-19. These findings highlight important immunological characteristics of COVID-19; however, larger studies with longer follow-up are warranted to clarify the prognostic role of immune biomarkers.
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