ArticleThe plant pathology journal2026
Multi-Target Bactericidal Mechanisms of Cinnamon Essential Oil Against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria: Transcriptomic Insights into Severe Metabolic Suppression and Divisome Arrest.
Article in The plant pathology journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
While cinnamon essential oil (CEO) is increasingly recognized as a potent natural antimicrobial, its precise multi-target mechanisms against the destructive agricultural pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria remain unclear. This study comprehensively elucidated the physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic responses of X. euvesicatoria 173 to CEO-induced stress. We investigated its antibacterial efficacy and specific modes of action using microdilution assays, scanning electron microscopy, biochemical viability tracking, and RNAseq. CEO exhibited robust dose-dependent antibacterial activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 400 mg/L and a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 164 mg/L. Analyses revealed that CEO severely compromised cell membrane integrity, leading to a rapid 100-fold increased hypersensitivity to osmotic stress and significant suppression of biofilm formation. Furthermore, sub-lethal CEO exposure induced a severe energy crisis by disrupting membrane-dependent ATP synthesis-measured as a significant reduction in F1F0-ATPase activity-and caused abnormal cellular elongation, indicating cell division arrest. These distinct phenotypes were supported by comparative transcriptomics at the sub-lethal EC50 dose, which revealed 209 highly significant differentially expressed genes (|log2FC| > 3.321). CEO massively downregulated genes associated with the electron transport chain and core energy metabolism (nuo, ndh, cyd, and cyo operons), the ftsZ divisome network, and biofilm-associated type IV pilus and chemotaxis. Conversely, oxidative stress defense genes (kat and ahpD) were upregulated. In conclusion, CEO exerts its bactericidal activity through a synergistic, multi-target action-simultaneously dismantling membrane energetics, inducing severe metabolic suppression, and repressing vital developmental architectures. These findings highlight the significant potential of CEO as a sustainable, resistance-breaking biopesticide for crop protection.
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