ArticleThe Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology2026
Chloroplast- and mitochondrion-specific random C-to-T mutagenesis for forward genetics of organelle genomes.
Article in The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Organelle genomes in plastids (including chloroplasts) and mitochondria encode essential genes for photosynthesis, respiration, and agronomic traits, representing promising targets for crop improvement. However, their high copy number and non-Mendelian inheritance have long hindered efficient modification compared to nuclear genomes. Recent advances in organelle base editing (C-to-T and A-to-G) have enabled precise nucleotide substitutions, yet information on useful mutations remains limited. Here, to establish a forward genetics platform for C-to-T substitutions, we developed a method to introduce random C-to-T mutations throughout the entire organelle genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana. We engineered a fusion protein, WHY2-CD mutator, combining cytidine deaminase (CD), uracil glycosylase inhibitor, and sequence-nonspecific DNA-binding protein WHIRLY2 (WHY2), fused to organelle-targeting peptides. This system introduced dispersed C-to-T substitutions specifically within plastid or mitochondrial genomes. In T
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