Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42290005›Full record

ArticleTransboundary and emerging diseases2026

Preclinical Evaluation of a Phage T4-Based Multi-Epitope Nanoparticle Vaccine Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus.

GuoQing Zhao, ShiDan Zhang, YuMin Zhang, ShengJing Jiao, XiaoYan Zeng, LuRu Zhao, Jie Wang, JingJiao Ma, YuQiang Cheng, HengAn Wang and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

GuoQing ZhaoShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5011-5942
ShiDan ZhangShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.
YuMin ZhangShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.
ShengJing JiaoShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.
XiaoYan ZengShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.
LuRu ZhaoShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.
Jie WangShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.
JingJiao MaShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.
YuQiang ChengShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.
HengAn WangShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.
YaXian YanShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.
JianHe SunShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4005-6071
ZhaoFei WangShanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China, sjtu.edu.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4524-9657

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 32373097Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality 23N51900300
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) continues to threaten the global swine industry, and currently available vaccines often provide incomplete protection against emerging virulent strains. In this study, we developed a phage T4-based multi-epitope nanoparticle vaccine targeting PEDV. B and T cell epitopes derived from the PEDV spike (S) protein were identified through immunoinformatic analyses and assembled into a tandem epitope construct (Pep) using flexible linkers. In silico analyses predicted favorable antigenic properties of Pep and a stable interaction with Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). The recombinant Pep protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequently displayed on T4 phage to generate the T4-Pep vaccine. Characterization revealed that each phage carried approximately 800 copies of Pep. In mice, immunization with T4-Pep induced significantly higher PEDV-specific IgG levels and virus-neutralizing antibody titers than immunization with the Pep. Following PEDV challenge, T4-Pep-immunized mice showed improved protection and reduced intestinal damage, as confirmed by histopathological analysis. Together, these findings highlight the potential of phage T4 as an efficient and immunogenic platform for delivering viral epitopes, offering a promising strategy for the development of vaccines against PEDV and related pathogens.

Indexed as

Bacteriophage T4Coronavirus InfectionsEpitopesPorcine epidemic diarrhea virusSwine DiseasesViral VaccinesAnimalsFemaleMiceMice, Inbred BALB CNanovaccinesProtein Subunit VaccinesSwineEpitopesNanovaccinesProtein Subunit VaccinesViral Vaccinesepitopesphageporcine epidemic diarrhea virusvaccine

Identifiers

PMID42290005
PMCPMC13266086

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.