ArticleHormones (Athens, Greece)2026
Association between serum vitamins and sex hormone levels in adolescent males: based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Article in Hormones (Athens, Greece), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe association between serum vitamins and sex hormones has gained considerable research interest; however, studies focusing specifically on adolescent males remain limited.
objectiveTo analyze associations between key serum vitamins and sex hormone levels in adolescent males.
methodsThis cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2001-2004). Weighted generalized linear regression models were employed to examine associations between serum vitamins (D, B12, folate, A, and E) and sex hormones, namely, total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and estradiol (E2). The Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model was employed to account for the combined effects of vitamins, nonlinear exposure-outcome relationships, and interactions among vitamins.
resultsA total of 231 participants aged 12-18 years were included. In the generalized linear model, vitamin A was positively correlated with TT (β = 0.421; 95% CI: 0.013, 0.829; P = 0.028) and negatively correlated with SHBG (β=-0.372; 95% CI: -0.549, -0.195; P < 0.001); folate was negatively correlated with both TT (β=-0.017; P < 0.001) and E2 (β=-0.012; P < 0.001). In the BKMR model, the combined effects of serum vitamins on TT and E2 showed a non-significant weak negative trend; no clear pattern was observed for SHBG. Folate was identified as the most important factor influencing all three sex hormones. Bivariate exposure-response functions indicated potential interactions of folate with vitamin B12 on TT and with vitamin D on E2; no vitamin interactions were observed for SHBG.
conclusionComplex effects of vitamins on sex hormones in adolescent males were revealed. The mechanism(s) underlying the regulation and long-term health implications will be explored in the future.
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