ArticleClinical oral investigations2026
Effect of curing mode and composite pre-heating on bonding performance of flowable resin composite to enamel.
Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesThis study aimed to investigate the influence of application methods combining different curing modes (pre-curing or co-curing) and flowable composite temperature (room temperature or pre-heating to 68 °C) on the shear bond strength (SBS) and microleakage of flowable composite to enamel. MATERIALS AND
methodsBovine enamel specimens (5 × 5 mm) were prepared (n = 10/group) and embedded in acrylic resin. A universal adhesive (Single Bond Universal Adhesive, 3M ESPE) and flowable resin composite (Filtek Z350 XT Flowable Restorative, 3M ESPE) were applied under four protocols: (1) Pre-curing adhesive combined with room-temperature composite (pre-curing + room-temperature); (2) Pre-curing adhesive combined with pre-heated composite (pre-curing + pre-heating); (3) Co-curing adhesive combined with room-temperature composite (co-curing + room-temperature); (4) Co-curing adhesive combined with pre-heated composite (co-curing + pre-heating). The immediate and aged (after 10,000 thermocycles) SBS were measured. Microleakage was assessed using the methylene blue dye penetration method (n = 10/group). The ultrastructure of adhesive-enamel interfaces was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05).
resultsSBS was not significantly influenced by the application methods (p > 0.05), indicating no significant difference in SBS was found among the groups, either immediately or after aging. Aging significantly reduced SBS (p < 0.05). Microleakage scores showed no significant difference among four protocols (p > 0.05), though aging increased marginal microleakage in most groups (p < 0.05) except co-curing with room-temperature composite. SEM revealed typical composite-adhesive-enamel interfaces with clear adhesive layers, while the adhesive layer in co-curing groups showed a slightly less uniform thickness.
conclusionsNeither curing mode nor pre-heating of the flowable composite resin significantly influenced the bonding performance to enamel, either immediately or after thermocycling aging. In the scenario of simple enamel restoration, the co-curing technique offers the advantages of simplifying the clinical procedure with comparable bonding performance to the conventional pre-curing method. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The co-curing protocol provides a simplified application method without compromising bonding performance when bonding to enamel.
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