ArticleScientific reports2026
Scythicorhinus vekuai gen. nov. et comb. nov. (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae) from the Pliocene of Georgia and its implications for the early evolution of Coelodonta and Stephanorhinus.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The taxonomy of Eurasian rhinoceroses has long been complicated by extensive homoplasy, incomplete fossil records, and shifting diagnostic criteria, particularly affecting the genera Dicerorhinus, Dihoplus, Pliorhinus, Rhinoceros, and Stephanorhinus. Rhinocerotid material from the Late Pliocene locality of Kvabebi (Georgia), previously referred to Pliorhinus miguelcrusafonti, is re-evaluated here using an expanded morphological dataset and phylogenetic analyses. The results consistently recover the Kvabebi rhinoceros as a distinct dicerorhinine lineage positioned close to the divergence between Coelodonta and Stephanorhinus. On the basis of its unique combination of cranial, dental, and postcranial characters, and its stable phylogenetic placement outside both Coelodonta and Stephanorhinus, the Kvabebi material is provisionally assigned to Scythicorhinus vekuai (Tsiskarishvili, 1987) gen. nov. et comb. nov. Although alternative placements within the early Coelodonta-Stephanorhinus radiation cannot be statistically rejected, a close relationship with Stephanorhinus miguelcrusafonti is strongly unsupported. Two fragmentary maxillae from Berehove (Crimea, Ukraine) are also examined and are tentatively referred to Scythicorhinus vekuai, pending the discovery of more diagnostic material. Discrete-character and morphometric analyses indicate that both the Kvabebi and Berehove rhinoceroses fall outside the observed morphological variation of Coelodonta and Stephanorhinus, supporting their distinction at the generic level, albeit provisionally given the limited and partially worn material. The results further support rejection of Pliorhinus as a valid genus. Overall, this study refines the systematic framework of late Neogene rhinocerotids and underscores the importance of expanded comparative datasets for resolving evolutionary relationships within this highly homoplastic group.
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