ArticleScientific reports2026
Construct validation of a portable virtual reality simulator for [Formula: see text] laparoscopic camera navigation via machine learning and latent behavioral modeling.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Dedicated training for [Formula: see text] laparoscopic camera navigation remains limited by the cost of high-fidelity simulators and the absence of continuous objective assessment. We present SECMA, a portable virtual reality platform combining a mechanically constrained interface that reproduces the trocar pivot, decoupled horizon stabilisation, and optical-redirection channels specific to [Formula: see text] camera handling with high-frequency 6-DoF telemetry. To establish construct-related validity evidence, a six-target navigation task was administered to 20 surgeons and 18 medical students across four practice sessions. Three analytical layers were applied. First, under repeated nested cross-validation ([Formula: see text] outer folds), Logistic Regression was the best classifier ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]); execution time, path length, and depth-axis velocity were primary discriminating features. Second, Hidden Markov Models ([Formula: see text]) identified an expert-enriched coordination regime occupied 12.9 percentage points more by experts (Cohen's [Formula: see text]), characterised by purposeful pitch-axis exploration versus diffuse yaw-roll noise in novices. Third, linear mixed-effects models confirmed robust expert-novice differences across four kinematic outcomes (all [Formula: see text]) and practice-related improvement in temporal and spatial efficiency, with no significant between-group difference in improvement rate. These convergent findings support SECMA as a scalable and analytically rigorous platform for [Formula: see text] camera navigation training and proficiency-based assessment.
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