Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42288885›Full record

ArticleBMC medical education2026

How crucial is research philosophy in designing an AI study in medical education?

Samy A Azer, Jiyoun Song, Anthony P Guerrero

Abstract readEditorial
In one paragraph

Article in BMC medical education, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Samy A AzerFaculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia. azer2000@optusnet.com.au.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5638-3256
Jiyoun SongDepartment of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, and Senior Fellow at University of Pennsylvania Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0362-0670
Anthony P GuerreroUniversity of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2496-4934

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Research papers are often rejected due to methodological problems, inappropriate tools, and poor alignment between aims, methods, and conclusions. This editorial argues that these problems often stem from neglecting research philosophy when pursuing an idea. Based on the literature and our peer-reviewed experience in medical education and biochemical sciences, we emphasize that clarifying ontological, epistemological, methodological, and axiological assumptions helps select the appropriate paradigm-positivism, post-positivism, interpretivism, critical theory, or pragmatism. To avoid such methodological problems, researchers should clarify their philosophical assumptions, explicitly state the selected paradigm, and ensure that this process is outlined in the methods section or the appendix. This approach increases the rationality, transparency, reproducibility, and defensibility of research, especially in fields like artificial intelligence in healthcare education.

Indexed as

Artificial IntelligenceEducation, MedicalPhilosophyResearch DesignHumansArtificial IntelligenceHealthcare educationMethodological weaknessPragmatismResearch assumptionsResearch philosophical paradigm

Identifiers

PMID42288885
PMCPMC13263941

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.