ArticleBMC oral health2026
Long-term optical stability and surface gloss of CAD/CAM restorative materials under simulated mechanical aging.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe long-term optical performance of CAD/CAM restorative materials is a critical determinant of clinical esthetics. Daily mechanical challenges, such as toothbrushing, may progressively alter surface characteristics; however, the long-term optical behavior of contemporary CAD/CAM materials with different compositions remains insufficiently clarified. Therefore, this study investigated the color stability and surface gloss of different CAD/CAM restorative materials under simulated long-term mechanical aging.
methodsForty-eight disc-shaped specimens (12 × 14 × 2 mm; n = 12 per group) were fabricated from four CAD/CAM restorative materials: feldspathic ceramic (Vita Mark II), zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (Vita Suprinity), polymer-infiltrated ceramic (Vita Enamic), and resin-based composite (Brilliant Crios). Specimens were finished according to the manufacturers' recommendations. Simulated mechanical aging was performed using a toothbrushing simulator under a 2 N load at 1.25 Hz, corresponding to 1, 3, and 5 years of clinical use. Color change was calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula (ΔE₀₀), and surface gloss was measured with a glossmeter. Data were analyzed using one-way and repeated-measures ANOVA (α = 0.05).
resultsAll materials showed statistically significant changes in color and surface gloss after simulated mechanical aging (p < 0.001). Feldspathic ceramic exhibited the lowest ΔE₀₀ values (0.531 after 5 years) and the highest gloss retention (62.68 GU after 5 years), whereas polymer-infiltrated ceramic and resin-based CAD/CAM materials demonstrated greater color change and gloss reduction over time. Zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate showed higher early optical changes followed by relative stabilization. Despite significant inter-material differences, all ΔE₀₀ values remained within clinically acceptable thresholds.
conclusionsThe long-term optical stability of CAD/CAM restorative materials is strongly influenced by material composition. Hybrid and resin-based CAD/CAM materials are more susceptible to brushing-induced surface deterioration and gloss reduction, underscoring the importance of appropriate material selection and surface maintenance for long-term esthetic performance.
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