ArticleScientific reports2026
Osteogenic and antibacterial effects of double antibiotic-loaded microspheres.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Infected bone defects present a significant clinical challenge, and the limitations of systemic antibiotic therapy necessitate a method for localized drug delivery to treat such wounds. In this study, vancomycin (Van)- and rifampin (Rif)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) core-shell microspheres were prepared using coaxial electrospray technology for sequential release of the two antibiotics. Two formulations were fabricated with the drugs distributed in either the core or shell (Van/Rif and Rif/Van microspheres). Comprehensive microsphere characterization included evaluation of their morphology, drug encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release kinetics. Biocompatibility was evaluated using MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts through adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation assays. Antibacterial efficacy was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus in both planktonic and biofilm states in vitro and in a rat subcutaneous infection model in vivo. The results showed that uniformly sized, smooth-surfaced core-shell microspheres were successfully prepared. The Van/Rif microspheres (vancomycin in shell, rifampin in core) demonstrated superior synchronous release kinetics compared with the Rif/Van microspheres. Both formulations exhibited excellent biocompatibility, with no adverse effects on osteoblast viability, adhesion, proliferation, or differentiation. In vitro, both formulations achieved a high antibacterial rate (> 95%) against planktonic S. aureus and prevented biofilm formation. In vivo, both microsphere formulations significantly promoted wound healing, reduced bacterial load and neutrophil infiltration, and maintained high local antibiotic concentrations without systemic drug detection. In conclusion, coaxial electrospray-fabricated, dual antibiotic-loaded, core-shell microspheres provided controlled sequential drug release, excellent osteocompatibility, and potent localized antibacterial activity, representing a highly promising strategy for the treatment of bone infections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.