Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42288478›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Regional sex differences in human cortical anatomy vary in their morphometric bases and overlap with sex chromosomal and gonadal influences.

Hyo M Lee, Siyuan Liu, Elisa Guma, Elizabeth Levitis, Rebecca Shafee, Gabrielle Dugan, François M Lalonde, Liv Clasen, Alex DeCasien, M Mallar Chakravarty and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Hyo M LeeSection on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0808-4985
Siyuan LiuSection on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3661-6248
Elisa GumaSection on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Elizabeth LevitisSection on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Rebecca ShafeeSection on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-1897-3272
Gabrielle DuganSection on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
François M LalondeSection on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4945-0032
Liv ClasenSection on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Alex DeCasienSection on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
M Mallar ChakravartyDepartment of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0759-5508
Jason P LerchMouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Konrad WagstylSchool of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3439-5808
Angela DelaneyDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0632-6365
Armin RaznahanSection on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. raznahana@mail.nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5622-1190

Funding

Section on Developmental NeurogenomicsZIAMH002949 · NIMH · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH · PI RAZNAHAN, ARMIN · 2016 to 2025
$30.0M
Intramural NIH HHS ZIA MH002949U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) 1ZIAMH002949-09
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Humans show reproducible sex differences in regional cortical volume (CV), but it remains unclear how these relate to the two biologically dissociable determinants of CV - surface area (SA) and cortical thickness (CT) - or to potentially causal sex chromosomal and gonadal effects. Here, we analyze neuroimaging data in two independent human cohorts (N = 1754) to identify and interrelate highly reproducible sex differences in regional CV, SA and CT - as well as their alignment with distinct functional networks and histomolecular signatures. Integrating neuroimaging data from clinical cohorts with sex chromosome aneuploidy and isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency (N = 313) establishes that regions of sex-biased cortical anatomy are enriched for congruent effects of X-chromosome dosage (e.g., primary sensory and insular cortices) and gonadal hormones (e.g., dorsal parietal regions and angular gyrus). This work refines maps of sex-biased human cortical organization and helps to narrow hypotheses regarding their potential genetic and endocrine causes.

Indexed as

Cerebral CortexChromosomes, Human, XSex CharacteristicsSex ChromosomesAdultAneuploidyFemaleGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMiddle AgedNeuroimagingYoung AdultGonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Identifiers

PMID42288478
PMCPMC13408908

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.