Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42286750›Full record

ArticleBMC nutrition2026

Association of macronutrient quality at dinner versus breakfast with body composition in adults living in Tehran: results from a cross-sectional study.

Shadi Ghaemi, Reyhane Norouziasl, Negar Bafkar, Bahareh Jabbarzadeh Ganjeh, Kourosh Djafarian, Alireza Bahrami, Sakineh Shab-Bidar

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In one paragraph

Article in BMC nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Shadi GhaemiDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
Reyhane NorouziaslDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
Negar BafkarDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
Bahareh Jabbarzadeh GanjehDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
Kourosh DjafarianDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
Alireza BahramiLifestyle Medicine Department, Medical Laser Research Center, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
Sakineh Shab-BidarDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. s_shabbidar@tums.ac.ir.

Funding

Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 63394
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWe aimed to examine the relationship between the quality of macronutrients consumed at dinner versus breakfast and their effects on body composition among Iranian adults.

methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 450 Iranian adults (aged 20-59). Anthropometric and body composition measures, including BMI, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, muscle mass, and waist-to-hip ratio, were assessed. Dietary data were collected using three 24-hour recalls, categorizing macronutrient quality (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins). ANCOVA was used to compare anthropometric and body composition measures across macronutrient tertiles for dinner versus breakfast. Non-linear associations were analyzed using restricted cubic splines.

resultsAccording to our findings, higher-quality carbohydrate intake at dinner versus breakfast showed a significant inverted U-shaped association with BMI. Conversely, saturated fat intake at dinner versus breakfast increased BMI in a U-shaped relationship, while linearly reducing muscle mass and fat-free mass. Unsaturated fat intake at dinner compared to breakfast showed a U-shaped association with BMI. Moreover, animal protein intake at dinner versus breakfast slightly increased muscle mass and fat-free mass in a reverse U-shaped pattern. However, higher plant protein intake at dinner versus breakfast reduced BMI linearly and decreased fat-free mass and muscle mass.

conclusionsHigher intake of high-quality carbohydrates, unsaturated fats, and plant-based proteins at dinner versus breakfast may improve body composition, while increased consumption of saturated fats and animal proteins at dinner versus breakfast may worsen central adiposity and BMI.

Indexed as

Body compositionMacronutrient qualityMeal timingMetabolic healthNutritional epidemiologyObesity

Identifiers

PMID42286750
PMCPMC13495163

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.