ArticleBMC veterinary research2026
Proteomics- and immunoinformatics-based design of a multi-epitope vaccine ZZ1 against Glaesserella parasuis.
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundGlaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) is a prevalent opportunistic pathogen of the porcine upper respiratory tract, causing substantial economic losses to the global swine industry. Current commercial vaccines exhibit suboptimal heterologous cross-protection and inherent biosafety concerns, highlighting the need for a safe, broadly effective multi-serotype vaccine.
resultsThis study targeted outer membrane proteins (OMPs) with robust cross-serotype immunogenicity from virulent G. parasuis strains. Comparative proteomic analysis of five strains identified highly abundant, co-expressed OMPs, which were screened based on antigenicity and physicochemical properties. Epitope prediction for helper T lymphocytes (HTL), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and B-cells was performed on selected OMPs. Immunodominant epitopes were concatenated using flexible linkers and fused with the TLR2 agonist phenol-soluble modulin α4 (PSMα4) to engineer a multi-epitope vaccine, designated ZZ1. Screening yielded eight conserved OMPs with high antigenicity, hydrophilicity, and thermostability, from which 6 HTL, 7 CTL, and 11 B-cell epitopes were predicted. Immunoinformatic evaluations revealed that ZZ1 possesses a high antigenicity score of 1.018 (threshold: 0.4) and is non-allergenic and non-toxic. Following successful expression, in vivo trials demonstrated that recombinant ZZ1 elicited robust, specific IgG antibody responses. Challenge tests in piglets revealed 100% protective efficacy against G. parasuis serotype 4, and 80% against serotypes 5 and 13.
conclusionsThese findings indicate that ZZ1 is a promising candidate capable of conferring broad cross-protection against multiple prevalent G. parasuis serotypes, offering an innovative strategy for next-generation subunit vaccine development.
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