Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42285703›Full record

ArticleTobacco control2026

Using standalone pharmacies to reduce tobacco retailer availability: neighbourhood associations and two competing policy options in four US states.

Efosa V E Baker-Iyore, Peter F Craigmile, Megan E Roberts, Grace Kong, Rachel Carmen Ceasar, Meghan Elizabeth Morean, Ryan J Martin, Vitoria Borges Spinola, Joseph G L Lee

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In one paragraph

Article in Tobacco control, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Efosa V E Baker-IyoreDepartment of Implementation Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA Efosa.Iyore@wfusm.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-8443-4656
Peter F CraigmileDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, CUNY, New York, New York, USA.
Megan E RobertsCollege of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-2145
Grace KongDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9269-3435
Rachel Carmen CeasarDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Meghan Elizabeth MoreanDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4865-1155
Ryan J MartinDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
Vitoria Borges SpinolaCollege of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Joseph G L LeeDepartment of Implementation Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.

Funding

Modeling the impact of age restricted in-person location policies for youth tobacco useR01CA273206 · NCI · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI Megan Eleanor Roberts · 2023 to 2026
$2.5M
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA273206
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThis study examines how two competing policy approaches, tobacco-free pharmacies and pharmacy-only tobacco sales, could impact the number of tobacco retailers, retailer availability and neighbourhood disparities in the US.

methodsWe compiled a list of tobacco retailers in 2023 and coded for primary store type in four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina and Ohio. We calculated the reduction in tobacco retailer availability defined as the number of tobacco retailers per 1000 people for each hypothetical policy. We used models fitted for count data and addressed overdispersion and possible spatial dependence to assess associations between the availability of pharmacies in census tracts and neighbourhood characteristics (rurality, age, poverty, race/ethnicity and vacant housing).

resultsThe hypothetical tobacco-free pharmacy policy showed a much smaller reduction in the number of tobacco retailers (California: 3.9%, Connecticut: 3.1%, North Carolina: 3.0% and Ohio: 4.7%) than a hypothetical pharmacy-only tobacco sales policy (California: 96.1%, Connecticut: 96.9%, North Carolina: 97.0% and Ohio: 95.3%). Regarding the potential impact of each policy on neighbourhood disparities, tobacco-free pharmacies would leave neighbourhood disparities largely unchanged or make them worse in some instances. Pharmacy-only tobacco sales policies would disproportionately locate the few remaining tobacco retailers in neighbourhoods with a greater percentage of people living under the poverty line.

conclusionsCompeting pharmacy-based policies about tobacco sales could impact tobacco retailer availability in the US and have different implications for neighbourhood disparities in tobacco retailer availability.

Indexed as

DisparitiesEnd gamePublic policy

Identifiers

PMID42285703
PMCPMC13317122

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.