Observational studyBMJ open2026
Social network structure and depression by gender in rural Honduras: a cross-sectional study.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesTo assess the relationship between the structural position of individuals within their village network and symptoms of depression and postpartum depression, among men and women.
designCommunity-based, observational, cross-sectional study.
setting176 villages in the Copan region of Honduras.
participantsVillage residents, comprising 25 605 adults surveyed in a census-based study; using data collected between October 2015 and December 2019. OUTCOMES: Symptoms of depression and postpartum depression, among men and women.
resultsAcross all participants, 34.99% reported depression symptoms (40.50% for women and 27.62% for men). Among recent parents with a new child in the last 6 months, 28.89% reported postpartum depression symptoms (31.29% for women and 24.31% for men). Women with higher social intransitivity (ie, a greater proportion of friend-pairs among their friends that were not themselves connected) had higher odds of depression symptoms (OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.41), an association not found for men nor in postpartum parents. Because this coefficient is estimated on a 0-1 scale, it corresponds to approximately 2.4% higher odds of depression per 10 percentage-point increase in social intransitivity. In a signed-network decomposition that also included adversarial ties, only the proportion of incomplete/no-tie friend-pairs was associated with depression in women (OR=1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04), corresponding to approximately 3% higher odds of depression per 10 percentage-point increase.
conclusionsWe report that structural social network position and connectedness beyond dyadic ties, including the friendships and adversarial ties of a person's friends, are associated with depression. These findings highlight the importance of linking psychological health to broader social connections in the context of face-to-face relationships.
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