Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42284681›Full record

ArticleEBioMedicine2026

Seasonal vaccine-induced immunity shows preserved cross-reactivity to H3N2 subclade K in adults.

Adria Wilson, Brian Lerman, Reima Ramsamooj, Jacob Mischka, Jordan Ehrenhaus, Ashley Aracena, Yusuf Figueroa, Keith Farrugia, Ana S Gonzalez-Reiche, Jessica Nardulli and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in EBioMedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Loss of hemagglutination ability by H3N2 influenza A virus, subclade K.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Adria WilsonDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Brian LermanDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Reima RamsamoojDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Jacob MischkaDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Jordan EhrenhausDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Ashley AracenaDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Yusuf FigueroaDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Keith FarrugiaDepartment of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Ana S Gonzalez-ReicheDepartment of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Jessica NardulliDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Zain KhalilDepartment of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Charles GleasonDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Eniko HermannIgnaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Komal SrivastavaDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Emilia Mia SordilloDepartment of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Harm van BakelDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: harm.vanbakel@mssm.edu.
Anass AbbadDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: anass.abbad@mssm.edu.
Florian KrammerDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Science Outreach and Pandemic Preparedness at the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: florian.krammer@mssm.edu.
Viviana SimonDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: viviana.simon@mssm.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundInfluenza A subclade K viruses caused high infection rates in the 2025/2026 Northern Hemisphere season, raising concerns about antigenic drift and reduced vaccine effectiveness.

methodsWe measured antibody responses in matched human pre- and post-vaccination sera, selected from two observational cohort studies of adults, against both a vaccine-like as well as subclade K isolates.

findingsPre-existing immunity to subclade K variants was noted with seasonal influenza vaccination further boosting titres two-fold against subclade K and three-fold against the vaccine-like strain, consistent with limited antigenic divergence between subclade K isolates and the vaccine. These findings contrast with ferret-based predictions of marked antigenic drift and align with the observed vaccine effectiveness in adults.

interpretationOur results underscore the importance of incorporating human serologic data in influenza surveillance to better inform vaccine strain selection and anticipate vaccine performance in immunologically experienced populations.

fundingNIAID Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Response (75N93021C00014); NIAID VIVA HIPC (U19 AI168631); Mount Sinai Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness; institutional support from the Mount Sinai Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness and the Medical University of Vienna.

Indexed as

Influenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeInfluenza, HumanInfluenza VaccinesAdultAnimalsAntibodies, ViralAntigens, ViralCross ReactionsFemaleFerretsHumansMaleMiddle AgedSeasonsVaccinationAntibodies, ViralAntigens, ViralInfluenza VaccinesAntigenic driftCross-reactive immunityHaemagglutination inhibition antibodiesInfluenza A H3N2 subclade KNeutralising antibodiesVaccine effectiveness

Identifiers

PMID42284681
PMCPMC13276788

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.