ArticlePloS one2026
A next generation of the schema therapy model of personality pathology: A cross-cultural and international study protocol.
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156 authors.
Freideriki Carmen MamaliDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Marleen RijkeboerDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Dylan MolenaarDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Sophie A RameckersDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Marta PanzeriDepartment of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, Padua University, Padova, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6219-4408
Arnoud ArntzDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Christopher W LeeFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
Robert BrockmanGraduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Daniela Ho TanFaculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Muhammad Kamruzzaman MozumderDepartment of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Tarun Kanti GayenDepartment of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Dmitry DyakovInstitute of Psychology, Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after Maxim Tank, Minsk, Belarus.
Yuliya StabrouskayaInstitute of Psychology, Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after Maxim Tank, Minsk, Belarus.
Amirov GatamInstitute of Psychology, Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after Maxim Tank, Minsk, Belarus.
Vladislav LobanovichMinsk CBT Center, Minsk, Belarus.
Sofiya KanavinaRegional State Budgetary Healthcare Institution "Irkutsk City Hospital #6", Irkutsk, Russia.
Veronika RomanovichVeronika Romanovich, Private Practice, Graz, Austria.
Olkhouka Artsiom AndreevichHealthcare Institution "Brest City Policlinic №2", Brest, Belarus.
Natallia TkhorykOncological dispensary of Baranovichi Healthcare institution «Baranovichi central polyclinic», Baranovichi, Belarus.
Aliaksandra ShabaikovichAliaksandra Shabaikovich, Private Practice, Minsk, Belarus.
Eva DierckxDepartment of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
Els PauwelsPsychologenpraktijk De Vest, Tienen, Belgium.
Kristina EggermontPsychologenpraktijk De Vest, Tienen, Belgium.
Fabiola Rodrigues MatosDepartment of Health and Psychology, Minas Gerais State University, Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Renan Puléo BarelaMindfluence Clinic, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Lilian Queiroz FrossardLilian Frossard Institute, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Irina S LazarovaPsychosocial Rehabilitation Department, State Psychiatric Hospital "Sv. Iv. Rilski", Novi Iskar, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Krista PenevaOutpatient Mental Health Clinic "Adaptacia", Sofia, Bulgaria.
Atanaska KatrandjievaPrivate Practice, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Anna St LazarovaOutpatient Mental Health Clinic "Adaptacia", Sofia, Bulgaria.
Yawen ZhuKey Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
Baozhen LyuKey Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
Yuhan LiuKey Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
Libo LiCollege of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
Hongxia QinDepartment of Mental Health, College of Humanities, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, Anhui, China.
Xiaowei GuoSchool of Management, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China.
Xin HuPrivate Practice, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
Songhao ZhangPrivate Practice, Beijing, China.
Olivia Y T MaClinical Psychological Services, New Life Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Aled L Y TangClinical Psychological Services, New Life Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Stine Bjerrum MoellerDanish National Center of Psychotraumatology, Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
Ida-Marie T P ArendtDanish National Center of Psychotraumatology, Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
Bo BachDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Jacob MelineChild and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic, Region Zealand, Holbæk, Denmark.
Géraldine TapiaLaboratory of Psychology, UR4139, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
Katia M'bailaraLaboratory of Psychology, UR4139, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
Ketevan AbdushelishviliCaucasus School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Caucasus University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Archil BegiashviliDepartment of Psychiatry and Narcology, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Natia BadrishviliDepartment of Social and Human Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Gr. Robakidze University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Ana GvinianidzeCaucasus School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Caucasus University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Lana AkopashviliFaculty of Humanistic and Social Sciences, Gr. Robakidze University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Irma KhabaziCivil Society Foundation, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Johannes Kopf-BeckDepartment of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
Cosima LeithneDepartment of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
Fritz RennerClinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Unit, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany.
Samy EgliMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Research Clinic, Department Clinical Translation, Munich, Germany.
Sarah M QuaatzMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Research Clinic, Department Clinical Translation, Munich, Germany.
Ioannis A MalogiannisSpecific Sector of Personality Disorders, First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Eleni GiannoulisNeuropsychological and Psychometric Laboratory, Specific Sector of Personality Disorders, First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Gregoris SimosDepartment of Education and Social Policy, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Zsolt UnokaDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
Lajos SimonDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
Viktoria SimonDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
Manjula MunivenkatappaDepartment of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
Paulomi Matam SudhirDepartment of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
Tavleen Kaur KohliDepartment of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
Apoorva ShrivastavaCenter for Mental Health, Pune, India.
Arpita Alok MisraCenter for Mental Health, Pune, India.
Anisha KhannaThe Healing Space and TherapHeal, Kolkata, India.
John Philip LouisPusat Keluarga Dan Kaunseling Sdn. Bhd., Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Naomi Maurilla SantosoLouis Family Services LLC, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America.
Theresia Indira ShantiFaculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Laurentius Sandi WitarsoFaculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Maryam HedayatiSegal Psychological Services and Counseling Center, Tehran, Iran.
Adeleh SamimiCognitive-Behavioral Department, Siavoushan Psychological Center, Tehran, Iran.
Saade MalekasgarSegal Psychological Services and Counseling Center, Tehran, Iran.
Barbara BasileSchool of Cognitive Psychotherapy, Italian Academy of Schema Therapy, Rome, Italy.
Ilona KroneDepartment of Health Psychology and Education, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.
Agnese OrupeFaculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.
Julija Gecaite-StoncieneLaboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Justina PociunaiteDepartment of Health Psychology, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Huey Jing Renee TanDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Kajang, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Edward ChanPsychotherapy Department, International Psychology Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Veerathayalani HeimkumarPsychotherapy Department, International Psychology Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Nadia KadriMoroccan Institute of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Casablanca, Morocco.
Saadia KarroumiMoroccan Institute of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Casablanca, Morocco.
Fatima Zahra ChentafMoroccan Institute of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Casablanca, Morocco.
Naima EzzahiriMoroccan Institute of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Casablanca, Morocco.
Hind RachidiMoroccan Institute of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Casablanca, Morocco.
Soukaina BouchebtiMoroccan Institute of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Casablanca, Morocco.
Hind BouidarMoroccan Institute of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Casablanca, Morocco.
Wydad HikmatMoroccan Institute of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Casablanca, Morocco.
Fouzia ChroukateMoroccan Institute of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Casablanca, Morocco.
Zainaib EnnaciriMoroccan Institute of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Casablanca, Morocco.
Jens C ThimmDepartment of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Veronica LorentzenDepartment of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Jarosław M MichałowskiPoznan Laboratory of Affective Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Law, SWPS University, Poznań, Poland.
Agnieszka E PopielInstitute of Psychology, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland.
Dorota MącikInstitute of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
Weronika Maria BrowarczykInstitute of Psychology, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland.
Maria do Céu SalvadorUniversity of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Coimbra, Portugal.
Ancuța Elena PăduraruDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iași, Iași, Romania.
Suzana E SemeniucSocola Institute of Psychiatry, Iași, Romania.
Paula I StroianInternational Institute for the Advanced Study of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Irina ȘubreduBecoming Center, Iași, Romania.
Alexandra YaltonskayaMoscow Institute of Schema Therapy, Moscow, Russia.
Darya MaryasovaMoscow Institute of Schema Therapy, Moscow, Russia.
Olga TitovaMoscow Institute of Schema Therapy, Moscow, Russia.
Natalia GegelMoscow Institute of Schema Therapy, Moscow, Russia.
Natalia GorodentsevaMoscow Institute of Schema Therapy, Moscow, Russia.
Maria SkryabinaMoscow Institute of Schema Therapy, Moscow, Russia.
Alena PlichkoA.Plichko, Private Practice, Moscow, Russia.
Olga PavlovaO. Pavlova, Private Practice, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
Svetlana ProkaevaS. Prokaeva, Private Practice, Moscow, Russia.
Viktoryia MalashchankaV. Malashchanka, Private Practice, Poznań, Poland.
Hui Ling Michelle NeoNational University Hospital, Kent Ridge, Singapore.
Dan J SteinDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Waseem HawaDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Division of Psychotherapy, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Jean-Pierre HartmannWestern Cape, Department of Health and Wellness, Cape Town, South Africa.
Eunhee LeeDepartment of Psychology, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam, South Korea.
Younghee SongY Psychological Counseling Center Co, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam, South Korea.
Rocío Gómez-JuanesDepartment of Psychiatry, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma, Spain.
Esther CalveteFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
Jordi CidInstitut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI) - IAS, Salt, Girona, Spain.
Ralph E SchmidtDepartment of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Clinic Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Stephanie HomanDepartment of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Clinic Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Chaiyun SakulsriprasertDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Darunee PhukaoDepartment of Society and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Ratipan ThawornwutichatDepartment of Society and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Welika MamoonFaculty of Liberal Arts, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Anuk ChandraungsOoca Clinic, Bangkok, Thailand.
Nanthaka SupreeyapornDepartment of Educational Foundations and Development, Faculty of Education, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Nathan BachrachDepartment of Trauma Related and Personality Disorders, GGZ Oost Brabant, Helmond, the Netherlands.
Marije Keulen-de VosDe Rooyse Wissel, Venray, the Netherlands.
Jill LobbestaelDepartment of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Eline DorrestijnVitaal GGZ, Nijkerk, the Netherlands.
Julie KransBehavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Duygu YakinDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Deniz BaştakDepartment of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy.
Aliye Canan Taşlioğlu SayinerDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Başak İnceCentre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Stephanie TasilaridisDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, Işik University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Mine ErgelenErenköy Mental Health and Nervous Diseases Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Fiona C KennedySchool of Psychology, Southampton University, Southampton, United Kingdom.
Christopher D J TaylorDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Michael B FirstDepartment of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America.
George LockwoodSchema Therapy Institute Midwest, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America.
Zachary AppenzellerLouis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas, United States of America.
Alice R NortonSchool of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Elizabeth Seeley-WaitSchool of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Maree J AbbottSchool of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Karina L AllenCentre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Surilena HasanFaculty of Medicine, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Sergio Alejandro Morales HernándezInstituto Mexicano de Terapia de Esquemas, Mexico City, Mexico.
Abdelrahman Mohamed SharafSafe Haven Clinic, Alexandria, Egypt.
Florian Alexander RuthsMaudsley Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPersonality disorders are highly prevalent worldwide imposing substantial personal and social challenges. Schema Therapy is an effective psychotherapeutic approach for personality pathology and other complex characterological problems. New scientific insights prompted a re-evaluation of its theoretical underpinnings leading to a reformulated Schema Therapy theory. Furthermore, the assumed cross-cultural universality of the Schema Therapy model has not been tested.
aimsThis project has two primary aims: (1) To develop revised instruments based on the reformulated theory that are psychometrically sound and valid across diverse cultures and languages. (2) To validate the Schema Therapy-related constructs and their inter-relationships across cultures.
methodsNew draft versions of the Young Schema Questionnaire, Schema Coping Inventory, and Schema Mode Inventory were developed. Before dissemination, these instruments will undergo rigorous psychometric evaluation to refine item sets and ensure linguistic and conceptual consistency. A minimum of 100 adult mental health patients and 100 non-patients from each participating country will complete the revised instruments. Sociodemographic and mental health-related variables will also be assessed. Statistical analyses will evaluate (a) internal consistency, (b) unidimensionality, (c) cross-cultural invariance, (d) factorial validity (if possible), and (e) known-group validity. Malfunctioning items will be deleted, and subscales will be shortened, if possible, targeting internal consistency of ≥.80. EXPECTED OUTCOMES: This study is expected to yield optimized versions of the three instruments aligned with the reformulated theory. These findings will inform subsequent international studies to further assess the structural and cross-cultural validity of the revised scales. The resulting empirically validated scales will be openly accessible, facilitating worldwide utilization. DISCUSSION: This protocol outlines the first international study based on the reformulated theory, aiming to extend the psychopathological coverage and enhance the cross-cultural application of evidence-based treatments for personality pathology. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. Potential limitations are discussed.
Indexed as
Personality DisordersPsychotherapyCross-Cultural ComparisonHumansPsychometricsSurveys and Questionnaires
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