Mobile Genetic Elements as Key Drivers of Bacterial Evolution and Adaptation in Agroecosystems.

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), including plasmids, transposons, integrative and conjugative elements, and phage-derived sequences, are central drivers of bacterial evolution in agroecosystems. By enabling horizontal gene transfer, MGEs allow soil- and plant-associated bacteria to rapidly acquire complex functional traits, facilitating adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions and different agricultural management practices. In agricultural soils, MGEs underpin key microbial functions such as nutrient acquisition and cycling, stress tolerance, rhizosphere competence, and interactions with plant hosts, thereby influencing soil fertility and crop performance. Selective pressures in agroecosystems extend beyond antimicrobial exposure and include fertilizers, pesticides, plant defense compounds, recurrent biotic and abiotic stress, as well as high-yielding crop varieties. These pressures generate co-selection dynamics that shape mobilome composition and activity, linking traits such as resistance, pathogenicity, and biocontrol to broader ecological functions relevant to plant health. Rather than acting as exceptional genetic entities, MGEs form a dynamic and environmentally responsive genetic network that enables rapid ecological tuning while preserving core genome stability. Comparative genomics has revealed that major lifestyle transitions in agroecosystem-associated bacteria, from free-living to commensal, mutualistic, or pathogenic states, are frequently mediated by the gain and loss of genomic islands and other MGEs. This review synthesizes the latest research on the ecological functions and evolutionary dynamics of MGEs in agroecosystems and explores how mobilome-informed approaches can support microbial-based strategies for sustainable agriculture.