ArticleGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie2026
Retinal and optic nerve measures after initiation of empagliflozin plus metformin versus metformin alone in early type 2 diabetes: a prospective observational comparative study.
Article in Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Divergent ocular safety profiles of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a pharmacological heterogeneity framework.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo explore whether empagliflozin added to metformin is associated with short-term changes in optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual evoked potential (VEP) parameters in adults with newly diagnosed early type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
methodsIn this prospective observational comparative study, adults with newly diagnosed T2DM received metformin alone (M) or empagliflozin plus metformin (EM) according to routine clinical care. Outcomes were macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness measured by OCT, and pattern-reversal VEP parameters. Confounding by indication was addressed using propensity-score overlap weighting. Six-month change was analysed using baseline-adjusted overlap-weighted regression with HC3 robust standard errors. Secondary endpoints were controlled using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate. An additional exploratory repeated-measures mixed-effects analysis incorporating baseline, 3-month, and 6-month data was also performed. Only right eyes were included.
resultsEighty participants were analysed (40 per group). Overlap weighting achieved excellent covariate balance (maximum weighted absolute standardized mean difference, 0.017). At 6 months, mean GCC change favoured EM over M (β = +3.33 μm; 95% CI, 2.90 to 3.76; p < 0.001). Secondary outcomes also favoured EM, including shorter VEP P100 latency (β = -10.06 ms; 95% CI, - 12.07 to - 8.05; q < 0.001) and greater VEP N75-P100 amplitude (β = +4.17 µV; 95% CI, 3.21 to 5.14; q < 0.001), with directionally consistent findings across RNFL and GCC sectoral measures.
conclusionIn this exploratory prospective observational study, empagliflozin added to metformin was associated with short-term OCT and VEP changes compatible with a potential neuroprotective signal in early T2DM. Findings require confirmation in longer-term randomised or robust quasi-experimental studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.