ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Helminth infection modulates the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in mice without compromising protective efficacy.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Objectives: Helminth parasites infect over a quarter of the global population and can profoundly modulate host immunity, potentially influencing vaccine performance and the spread of pandemic pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite the high global endemicity of helminth infections, their impact on immune responses to various COVID-19 vaccines remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Methods: Mice with Results: COVID-19 mRNA vaccination induced strong spike-specific antibody and CD4 T-cell responses in Conclusions: mRNA and protein vaccines elicit distinct immune profiles; however, both protect effectively against SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice with concurrent helminth infection.
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