ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Evaluation of a multi-component mucoadhesive buccal patch: cytokine-associated inflammatory responses and tissue remodeling in experimental models.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Introduction: Dysregulated cytokine signaling is implicated in persistent inflammation and fibrosis in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and has been reported in association with pathways observed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study investigated cytokine associated inflammatory and fibrotic responses following treatment with a mucoadhesive buccal patch containing isotretinoin, bromelain, and limonene. Methods: The formulation was evaluated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced acute inflammatory in vitro models and a carbon tetrachloride (CCl Results: LPS stimulation induced upregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-2, while treatment with the formulation was associated with reduced expression of these inflammatory markers. Altered IL-2 and TGF-β expression suggested modulation of immune regulatory and fibrosis-associated pathways. The in vitro model represented an acute inflammatory epithelial response and did not fully recapitulate the fibrotic pathology of OSMF. Protein analysis demonstrated reduced COX-2 expression and alterations in CK17 levels, consistent with changes in inflammatory and epithelial responses. Bromelain retained enzymatic activity within the formulation and demonstrated concentration and time dependent collagen degradation. In vivo treatment showed reduced collagen-associated staining, improved tissue architecture, and changes in mouth opening, indicating attenuation of fibrotic progression. Discussion: These findings provide preliminary observations on cytokine-associated responses under inflammatory and fibrotic conditions relevant to OSMF. Further studies are required to define underlying mechanisms and evaluate translational applicability.
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