ReviewCureus2026
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Racial Disparities, and Involvement in the Juvenile Justice System: A Narrative Review.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition associated with adverse behavioral, social, and legal outcomes across childhood and adolescence. Untreated ADHD is associated with increased involvement in the criminal justice system, while racial and ethnic disparities in diagnosis and treatment may contribute to inequitable outcomes among minority youth. This narrative review examines the relationships among ADHD, pharmacologic treatment, juvenile justice involvement, and racial/ethnic disparities affecting minority youth. A targeted review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2026 was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, including cohort studies, longitudinal analyses, meta-analyses, and nationally representative datasets, to assess ADHD prevalence, associations with delinquency and criminal justice outcomes, treatment effects, and disparities in diagnosis and care. Across studies, ADHD is consistently associated with increased rates of police contact, court involvement, criminal convictions, incarceration, and shorter time to re-offense. Pharmacologic treatment is associated with reduced rates of criminal convictions and substance-related problems. Nevertheless, racial and ethnic disparities persist, with minority youth significantly less likely to receive a diagnosis or treatment despite a similar symptom burden. ADHD is also substantially overrepresented in justice-involved populations, with approximately 25-30% of individuals meeting diagnostic criteria. ADHD represents a potentially modifiable factor along pathways to juvenile justice involvement, although outcomes are shaped by both clinical and structural determinants. Expanding equitable screening, improving access to longitudinal pharmacologic and behavioral care, strengthening coordination among healthcare, educational, and community systems, and integrating mental health services within juvenile justice settings may reduce downstream justice system involvement among vulnerable youth populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.