ArticleVeterinary medicine and science2026
Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Tolfenamic Acid in Calves: First Evaluation of Subcutaneous Administration.
Article in Veterinary medicine and science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTolfenamic acid (TA) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is commonly used in veterinary medicine. However, information on its pharmacokinetics in calves, particularly following subcutaneous (SC) administration, is limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the disposition of TA in calves following SC, intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) administration.
methodsSix calves received TA at a dose of 4 mg/kg via each route in a crossover design.
resultsTA exhibited route-dependent pharmacokinetics. The terminal elimination half-life increased significantly from IV (6.64 h) to IM (12.79 h) and SC (15.11 h) administration, which is consistent with flip-flop kinetics following extravascular dosing. Following IV administration, the volume of distribution at steady state was moderate (0.67 L/kg), which suggests extensive plasma protein binding. The time to reach the maximum concentration was similar for the IM and SC routes. However, systemic exposure was markedly lower following SC administration, with peak plasma concentration
conclusionsThese findings demonstrate that SC administration of TA in calves results in prolonged but reduced systemic exposure compared with IM administration. The results support the need for route-specific dosing considerations and provide a basis for further studies on residue depletion and determination of withdrawal period in food-producing calves.
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