L-SHADE-Optimized Active Disturbance Rejection for Sensorless PMSM Drives Under Complex Uncertainties.

Sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives rely on accurate rotor electrical angle and speed estimation, vulnerable to noisy currents, quantization, and sensor biases. Fixed-bandwidth phase-locked loops (PLLs) entail an intrinsic trade-off between fast transient tracking and high-frequency noise rejection. This paper proposes an adaptive PLL based on linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC), where a virtual coordinate formulation treats electrical-angle mismatch as a lumped disturbance estimated online by a linear extended state observer (LESO). The observer bandwidth dynamically adapts to the LESO innovation. To optimize performance, adaptive-law parameters are tuned offline via success-history adaptive differential evolution with linear population size reduction (L-SHADE). Comparative simulations against a proportional-integral PLL indicate substantially improved robustness to measurement noise, analog-to-digital quantization, and current-sensor DC offset. Specifically, the speed root-mean-square error decreases from 68.9r/min to 20.7r/min under 0.15A additive noise, and from 1.55r/min to 0.48r/min under 12-bit quantization at 200r/min. These enhancements reduce reliance on high-precision sensing hardware, offering a practical solution for low-cost, highly reliable motor control in complex industrial environments.